IA Conversacional: Mejores Prácticas para el Desarrollo de Chatbots

Los sistemas de IA conversacional permiten la interacción entre humanos y computadoras mediante lenguaje natural. En esta guía, examinamos estrategias de desarrollo de chatbots para empresas.

Arquitectura del Chatbot

Componentes Principales

1┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
2│                    User Interface                   │
3└───────────────────────┬────────────────────────────┘
4                        │
5┌───────────────────────▼────────────────────────────┐
6│              Input Processing Layer                 │
7│  ┌──────────┐  ┌──────────┐  ┌────────────────┐   │
8│  │  Speech  │  │   Text   │  │   Multimodal   │   │
9│  │  to Text │  │ Normalize│  │   Processing   │   │
10│  └──────────┘  └──────────┘  └────────────────┘   │
1130: └───────────────────────┬────────────────────────────┘
12                        │
13┌───────────────────────▼────────────────────────────┐
14│                 Dialog Manager                      │
15│  ┌──────────┐  ┌──────────┐  ┌────────────────┐   │
16│  │  Intent  │  │  State   │  │    Context     │   │
17│  │ Detection│  │ Manager  │  │    Handler     │   │
18│  └──────────┘  └──────────┘  └────────────────┘   │
1938: └───────────────────────┬────────────────────────────┘
20                        │
21┌───────────────────────▼────────────────────────────┐
22│              Response Generation                    │
23│  ┌──────────┐  ┌──────────┐  ┌────────────────┐   │
24│  │   LLM    │  │ Template │  │     Action     │   │
25│  │ Response │  │  Engine  │  │    Executor    │   │
26│  └──────────┘  └──────────┘  └────────────────┘   │
2746: └────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Gestión de Contexto

Memoria de Conversación

1from typing import List, Dict
2from datetime import datetime
3
4class ConversationMemory:
5    def __init__(self, max_turns: int = 10):
6        self.max_turns = max_turns
7        self.history: List[Dict] = []
8        self.metadata: Dict = {}
9    
10    def add_message(self, role: str, content: str):
11        message = {
12            "role": role,
13            "content": content,
14            "timestamp": datetime.now().isoformat()
15        }
16        self.history.append(message)
17        
18        # Clean old messages
19        if len(self.history) > self.max_turns * 2:
20            self.history = self.history[-self.max_turns * 2:]
21    
22    def get_context(self) -> List[Dict]:
23        return [{"role": m["role"], "content": m["content"]} 
24                for m in self.history]
25    
26    def summarize(self, llm_client) -> str:
27        """Summarize long conversations"""
28        if len(self.history) < 10:
29            return None
30        
31        response = llm_client.chat.completions.create(
32            model="gpt-4-turbo",
33            messages=[
34                {"role": "system", "content": "Summarize this conversation."},
35                {"role": "user", "content": str(self.history)}
36            ]
37        )
38        return response.choices[0].message.content

Estado de Sesión

1class SessionState:
2    def __init__(self, session_id: str):
3        self.session_id = session_id
4        self.user_info: Dict = {}
5        self.collected_data: Dict = {}
6        self.current_intent: str = None
7        self.current_step: str = None
8        self.awaiting_input: str = None
9    
10    def set_slot(self, name: str, value: any):
11        self.collected_data[name] = value
12    
13    def get_slot(self, name: str) -> any:
14        return self.collected_data.get(name)
15    
16    def clear_slots(self):
17        self.collected_data = {}
18    
19    def is_complete(self, required_slots: List[str]) -> bool:
20        return all(slot in self.collected_data for slot in required_slots)
21## Clasificación de Intención
22
23### Detección de Intención Basada en LLM
24
25```python
26def detect_intent(user_message: str, available_intents: List[Dict]) -> Dict:
27    intent_descriptions = "\n".join([
28        f"- {intent['name']}: {intent['description']}"
29        for intent in available_intents
30    ])
31    
32    response = client.chat.completions.create(
33        model="gpt-4-turbo",
34        response_format={"type": "json_object"},
35        messages=[
36            {
37                "role": "system",
38                "content": f"""Determine the intent of the user message.
39                
40Available intents:
41{intent_descriptions}
42
43Respond in JSON format:
44{{"intent": "intent_name", "confidence": 0.0-1.0, "entities": {{}}}}
45"""
46            },
47            {"role": "user", "content": user_message}
48        ]
49    )
50    
51    return json.loads(response.choices[0].message.content)

Detección de Intención Híbrida

1from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer
2from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
3
4class HybridIntentClassifier:
5    def __init__(self):
6        self.ml_classifier = None
7        self.vectorizer = TfidfVectorizer()
8    
9    def train_ml(self, texts: List[str], labels: List[str]):
10        X = self.vectorizer.fit_transform(texts)
11        self.ml_classifier = LogisticRegression()
12        self.ml_classifier.fit(X, labels)
13    
14    def classify(self, text: str) -> Dict:
15        # ML prediction
16        X = self.vectorizer.transform([text])
17        ml_intent = self.ml_classifier.predict(X)[0]
18        ml_confidence = max(self.ml_classifier.predict_proba(X)[0])
19        
20        # Ask LLM if confidence is low
21        if ml_confidence < 0.7:
22            llm_result = detect_intent(text, self.available_intents)
23            return llm_result
24        
25        return {"intent": ml_intent, "confidence": ml_confidence}

Flujo de Diálogo

Máquina de Estados

1from enum import Enum
2
3class OrderState(Enum):
4    START = "start"
5    PRODUCT_SELECTION = "product_selection"
6    QUANTITY = "quantity"
7    ADDRESS = "address"
8    CONFIRMATION = "confirmation"
9    COMPLETE = "complete"
10
11class OrderFlow:
12    def __init__(self):
13        self.state = OrderState.START
14        self.data = {}
15    
16    def process(self, user_input: str, intent: str) -> str:
17        if self.state == OrderState.START:
18            if intent == "order":
19                self.state = OrderState.PRODUCT_SELECTION
20                return "¿Qué producto te gustaría ordenar?"
21        
22        elif self.state == OrderState.PRODUCT_SELECTION:
23            self.data["product"] = user_input
24            self.state = OrderState.QUANTITY
25            return f"Has seleccionado {user_input}. ¿Cuántos deseas?"
26        
27        elif self.state == OrderState.QUANTITY:
28            self.data["quantity"] = int(user_input)
29            self.state = OrderState.ADDRESS
30            return "¿Podrías proporcionar tu dirección de entrega?"
31        
32        elif self.state == OrderState.ADDRESS:
33            self.data["address"] = user_input
34            self.state = OrderState.CONFIRMATION
35            return f"Resumen del pedido:\n{self.data}\n¿Confirmas?"
36        
37        elif self.state == OrderState.CONFIRMATION:
38            if "yes" in user_input.lower():
39                self.state = OrderState.COMPLETE
40                return "Pedido recibido. ¡Gracias!"
41            else:
42                self.state = OrderState.START
43                return "Pedido cancelado."
44## Generación de Respuestas
45
46### Híbrido de Plantilla + LLM
47
48```python
49class ResponseGenerator:
50    def __init__(self):
51        self.templates = {
52            "greeting": [
53                "Hello! How can I help you?",
54                "Welcome! What would you like to do today?"
55            ],
56            "farewell": [
57                "Have a good day! See you again.",
58                "I'm here if you have any other questions. Goodbye!"
59            ]
60        }
61    
62    def generate(self, intent: str, context: Dict) -> str:
63        # Template for simple intents
64        if intent in self.templates:
65            return random.choice(self.templates[intent])
66        
67        # LLM for complex intents
68        return self.llm_generate(intent, context)
69    
70    def llm_generate(self, intent: str, context: Dict) -> str:
71        system_prompt = f"""You are a helpful customer service assistant.
72User intent: {intent}
73Current context: {json.dumps(context, ensure_ascii=False)}
74
75Rules:
76- Give short and concise answers
77- Be friendly but professional
78- Ask follow-up questions if necessary
79"""
80        
81        response = client.chat.completions.create(
82            model="gpt-4-turbo",
83            messages=[
84                {"role": "system", "content": system_prompt},
85                *context.get("history", [])
86            ]
87        )
88        
89        return response.choices[0].message.content

Gestión de Fallback

1class FallbackHandler:
2    def __init__(self):
3        self.fallback_count = 0
4        self.max_fallbacks = 3
5    
6    def handle(self, user_input: str, context: Dict) -> str:
7        self.fallback_count += 1
8        
9        if self.fallback_count >= self.max_fallbacks:
10            self.fallback_count = 0
11            return self.human_handoff(context)
12        
13        responses = [
14            "I didn't understand. Could you rephrase that?",
15            "I cannot help with this. You can ask a different question.",
16            "I think I misunderstood you. could you try again?"
17        ]
18        
19        return responses[self.fallback_count - 1]
20    
21    def human_handoff(self, context: Dict) -> str:
22        # Hand off to human agent
23        create_support_ticket(context)
24        return "I am connecting you to a customer representative. Please wait."

Analítica y Monitoreo

1class ChatAnalytics:
2    def __init__(self):
3        self.metrics = {
4            "total_conversations": 0,
5            "successful_resolutions": 0,
6            "fallback_rate": 0,
7            "avg_turns_per_conversation": 0,
8            "intent_distribution": {}
9        }
10    
11    def log_conversation(self, conversation: Dict):
12        self.metrics["total_conversations"] += 1
13        
14        # Intent tracking
15        for message in conversation["messages"]:
16            if "intent" in message:
17                intent = message["intent"]
18                self.metrics["intent_distribution"][intent] = \
19                    self.metrics["intent_distribution"].get(intent, 0) + 1
20        
21        # Resolution tracking
22        if conversation.get("resolved"):
23            self.metrics["successful_resolutions"] += 1
24    
25    def get_resolution_rate(self) -> float:
26        if self.metrics["total_conversations"] == 0:
27            return 0
28        return self.metrics["successful_resolutions"] / self.metrics["total_conversations"]

Lista de Verificación para Producción

Seguridad

• Sanitización de entradas
• Limitación de tasa
• Enmascaramiento de PII
• Protección contra inyecciones

Rendimiento

• Tiempo de respuesta < 2s
• Soporte para usuarios concurrentes
• Capa de caché
• Autoescalado

Experiencia de Usuario

• Indicadores de escritura
• Mensajes de error
• Historial de conversación
• Soporte multilenguaje

Conclusión

La IA conversacional es una tecnología poderosa que está transformando las interacciones con los clientes. Puedes construir chatbots exitosos con un flujo de diálogo bien diseñado, una gestión robusta de errores y una mejora continua.

En Veni AI, desarrollamos soluciones empresariales de chatbots.